GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 3A
************************************************

This manual describes how to build a GNU/Linux-libre system from source for Loongson 3A processor.

This is edition 1.7 (last updated 3 June 2017) of GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 3A.

Copyright © 2013-2016 Christophe Jarry.

This document is based on the Chinese page http://zdbr.net.cn/download/Loongson64-2.0.htm, which is copyright © 2009 Haiyong Sun (孙海勇). His blog is on http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid/436750.html.

Various formats of this manual as well as its texinfo source are available on http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/loongson3a/.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.

     Computer instructions in this manual are free software: you can redistribute them and/or modify them under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

     Those instructions are distributed in the hope that they will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.

     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this manual.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

Introduction
************

GNU/Linux History
=================

GNU
---

GNU (GNU's Not Unix) is a project launched by Richard Stallman in 1984 with the goal of building an entirely free operating system compatible with Unix (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix). ``Free'' here means ``free as in freedom''. In this context, a free operating system is an operating system you can use and share in freedom. A core part of his motivation is given in the GNU Manifesto (http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html):

     I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me against my will.

     So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.

A program is free software if the program's user has the four essential freedoms:

  * The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).

  * The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does her computing as she wishes (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.

  * The freedom to redistribute copies so she can help her neighbor (freedom 2).

  * The freedom to distribute copies of her modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this she can give the whole community a chance to benefit from her changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.

One of the most popular free software license is the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html)).

The free software movement is supported by the Free Software Foundation (FSF (http://www.fsf.org)).

HURD
----

The HURD is an acronym for HIRD (HURD of interfaces representing depth) of Unix-replacing daemons. It is the GNU project's replacement for the Unix kernel. It is a collection of servers that run on the Mach microkernel to implement file systems, network protocols, file access control, and other features that are implemented by the Unix kernel or similar kernels (such as Linux).

The purpose of the GNU HURD is to improve the user's freedom on her operating system by allowing her to either add or remove a feature of the kernel on the fly.

From early on, the HURD was developed to use GNU Mach as the microkernel. This was a technical decision made by Richard Stallman, who thought it would speed up the work by saving a large part of it. He has admitted that he was wrong about that.

Nevertheless, development of the HURD is increasingly attracting developers and GNU/HURD systems exist and are usable.

Linux
-----

Linux is a monolithic kernel created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linus Torvalds initially wrote a terminal emulator, which he used to access the large UNIX servers of his university. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. This later became the kernel Linux.

Initially, Torvalds first published the kernel Linux under its own licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.

In the notes for the first release of the kernel Linux, Torvalds lists the GNU software that is required to run Linux:

     Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system you need a shell, compilers, a library etc. [...] Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft.

In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version 0.99 using the GNU GPL.

The kernel Linux is now a contribution of many professionals and volonteers around the world.

Linux-libre
-----------

Linux, the kernel developed and distributed by Linus Torvalds et al, contains non-Free Software (For more information about the presence of proprietary firmware in the kernel Linux, read http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/anuncio/2010-03-Linux-2.6.33-libre.en and http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html#nonfree-firmware.), i.e., software that does not respect your essential freedoms, and it induces you to install additional non-Free Software that it doesn't contain.

GNU Linux-libre (http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index.en.html) is a project to maintain and publish 100% Free distributions of Linux, suitable for use in Free System Distributions (For a full list of free as in freedom GNU/Linux distributions, see http://www.gnu.org/distros/.), removing software that is included without source code, with obfuscated or obscured source code, under non-Free Software licenses, that do not permit you to change the software so that it does what you wish, and that induces or requires you to install additional pieces of non-Free Software.

References
----------

For more information on the GNU project and its relation with the kernel Linux, you can read http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html and http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html.

For more information on the history of the HURD, I recommend you to read http://www.h-online.com/open/features/GNU-HURD-Altered-visions-and-lost-promise-1030942.html.

For more information on the HURD, read http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/.

For more information on the early versions of the kernel Linux, read https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/linux.history.html.

Purpose of this Document
========================

Lemote offered me a Yeeloong 8133 in late 2012. I wanted to adapt some parts of gNewSense (http://www.gnewsense.org) for MIPS to this particular laptop. I also wanted to port the document I wrote for Loongson 2F to Loongson 3A: GNU/Linux (Note: in this document, we use the term ``GNU/Linux'' to name the entire system and ``Linux'' to name the kernel. For more information, read http://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html.) Libre from Source Code for Loongson 3A was born.

Prerequisites
*************

Definitions
===========

sysroot
-------

The traditional way of building a GNU/Linux operating system consists on building a (cross-) compilation toolchain to build a temporary operating system which in turn will be used to build the target system (see Further Readings for more details). This requires almost as much time to complete the temporary system as to build the target one. Using sysroot resolves this problem.

From GCC installation manual, under Cross-Compiler-Specific Options:

--with-sysroot
--with-sysroot=DIR
     Tells GCC to consider DIR as the root of a tree that contains (a subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system.  Target system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched in there.  More specifically, this acts as if --sysroot=DIR was added to the default options of the built compiler.  The specified directory is not copied into the install tree, unlike the options --with-headers and --with-libs that this option obsoletes.  The default value, in case --with-sysroot is not given an argument, is ${gcc_tooldir}/sys-root.  If the specified directory is a subdirectory of ${exec_prefix}, then it will be found relative to the GCC binaries if the installation tree is moved.

     This option affects the system root for the compiler used to build target libraries (which runs on the build system) and the compiler newly installed with make install; it does not affect the compiler which is used to build GCC itself.

Toolchain
---------

According to Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolchain):

     In software, a toolchain is the set of programming tools that are used to create a product (typically another computer program or system of programs). The tools may be used in a chain, so that the output of each tool becomes the input for the next, but the term is used widely to refer to any set of linked development tools.

     A simple software development toolchain consists of a text editor for editing source code, a compiler and linker to transform the source code into an executable program, libraries to provide interfaces to the operating system, and a debugger.

build, host and target
----------------------

During a cross-compilation, build host and target are among the most used options: understanding the precise meaning of those parameters is very important. We could define them thus:

  * --build=PLATFORM ON WHICH THE PROGRAM IS COMPILED,

  * --host=PLATFORM ON WHICH THE PROGRAM WILL RUN,

  * --target=PLATFORM FOR WHICH THE PROGRAM WILL CREATE OUTPUT.

Let's use GCC as an example to explain the role of those three parameters.

During GCC compilation, we use:

./configure --build=BUILD-PLATFORM --host=HOST-PLATFORM --target=TARGET-PLATFORM [various compilation parameters]

So in those configuration parameters:

  * --build provides the name of the platform currently running. If we were using an Intel Pentium processor to compile the system, our BUILD-PLATFORM would be something like i686-pc-linux-gnu.

     If this parameter is not specified, it will be guessed automatically.

  * --host represents the type of machine we are going to run GCC on after the compilation succeeds. During a cross-compilation this has to be specified, because the current machine can not know which architecture we wish to target. We want to produce executables to run on Loongson, but there is currently no way we can specify Loongson directly; because of this we specify mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu.

     --host can also be left unspecified, in that case, HOST-PLATFORM would automatically define itself as BUILD-PLATFORM, but this is not cross-compilation anymore.

          when --build and --host are different, configuration files will maintain the cross-compilation mode.

  * --target defines the system for which compiler tools will create output.

     TARGET-PLATFORM parameter is useful only for a limited number of programs. Although this parameter is often present when issuing ./configure --help, hardly any packages will need it.

     This parameter is only useful for performing tasks with different platforms; for instance, executable files compiled for different platforms can have a totally different code.

If we summarize, we have:

  * BUILD-PLATFORM: automatically guessed from platform in use; has to be specified if not guessed.

  * HOST-PLATFORM: if unspecified, automatically equals BUILD-PLATFORM. When BUILD-PLATFORM and HOST-PLATFORM values are identical, it is a local compilation; otherwise it is a cross-compilation.

  * TARGET-PLATFORM: defines the system for which compiler tools will create output; it equals HOST-PLATFORM if unspecified. GCC, binutils, and programs related to the platform's instructions have this parameter; most programs do not use this parameter.

FHS
---

The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) has been created to specify the location and use of main directories on a GNU/Linux operating system. Common commands, user data, libraries have to be put inside a specific directory given in the standard. During the build process, some commands are used to comply with FHS.

Commands
========

Because most commands are common for a regular Unix user, only uncommon commands are explained in this document. If you do not understand a command that is not explained, you can use the documentation available on your computer; in a terminal, typing man COMMAND should give you enough information. For GNU software, info PACKAGE can also give additional information.

To know more about command line, I suggest you read "Introduction to the Command Line" which is available on http://flossmanuals.net/command-line/.

Preliminary Work
****************

     In order to complete the first steps of this chapter, you will need to have root permissions.

Build User Creation
===================

To create the builder group, user and password:

groupadd gllfsc
useradd -s /bin/bash -g gllfsc -m -k /dev/null gllfsc
passwd gllfsc

  * Option -s (or --shell) is used to define the created user's default shell, here /bin/bash.

  * Option -g (or --gid) is used to define the group name or number of the created user's initial login group, here gllfsc.

  * Option -m (or --create-home) does create the user's home directory if it does not exist (/home/USERNAME).

  * Option -k (or --skel) is used to define the skeleton directory to be copied in the user's home directory, here /dev/null. /dev/null is a special file which, in this case, will give no skeleton at all to useradd.

Work Directory Creation
=======================

To create the directory /gllfsc in which the system will be built:

export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"
mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}

export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc" sets the value of the variable TARGET_DIR to /gllfsc, the directory in which the system will be built.

Creating Compilation and Download Directories
=============================================

mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}/{build,download}
chown -Rv gllfsc ${TARGET_DIR}

Switching to the Build User
===========================

To login as the user that will build the system:

su - gllfsc

With the command su, it is possible to change the user ID. The option - provides an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly.

Setting up Required Environment Variables
=========================================

~/.bash_profile is a personal initialization file that is read when Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell (~ is the location of the user's home directory). To write the content of the file ~/.bash_profile:

cat > ~/.bash_profile << 'EOF'
exec env -i HOME=${HOME} TERM=${TERM} PS1=${PS1} /bin/bash
EOF

The first line creates the file ~/.bash_profile and opens it for writing until EOF (End Of File) is written in it.

The second line tells Bash to execute /bin/bash with the option -i (or --ignore-environment) which will make Bash start with an empty environment. Variables HOME, TERM and PS1 define respectively the home directory of the current user, the terminal used and the primary prompt string displayed.

~/.bashrc is a personal initialization file that is read when Bash is invoked as an interactive shell but not a login one. To write the content of the file ~/.bashrc:

export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
cat > ~/.bashrc << EOF
set +h
umask 022
alias make='make -j5'
export PS1='\[\e[35m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]$ '
export LC_ALL=POSIX
export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
export BUILD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/build"
export DOWNLOAD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/download"
export CROSS_HOST="$(echo $MACHTYPE |\
    sed "s/$(echo $MACHTYPE | cut -d- -f2)/cross/")"
export CROSS_TARGET="mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu"
export MABI="n32"
#export MABI="64"
export MARCH="loongson3a"
export PATH=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
unset CFLAGS
unset CXXFLAGS
EOF
source ~/.bash_profile

set +h tells Bash to not locate nor remember commands (hash) as they are looked up for execution.

umask 022 sets Bash process' file creation mask to 022. This results in permissions of `755' for those files.

alias make='make -j5' tells Bash to replace every call of make by make -j5. This makes full use of the four cores available in the Loongson 3A to build packages by parallelizing tasks.

export PS1='\[\e[35m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]$ ' sets the primary prompt strings. The primary prompt strings are the strings you see before the commands you type in the terminal. The part \A-\W means that the time, in 24-hour HH:MM format and the basename of $PWD will be displayed separated by a `-', as in 19:33-bin. The part \$ adds a dollar sign at the end, \[\e[35m\] colors the strings in purple and \[\e[00m\] gets the original color back. For other colors, you can browse http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code.

LC_ALL is a macro used to define a single locale to overwrite other LC_* and LANG environment variables so that language, numeric values, time and other locale-dependant values have all the same value. It is set to the standard POSIX locale.

export BUILD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/build" sets the environment variable BUILD_DIR to the value of ${TARGET_DIR}/build which is /gllfsc/build in this document.

The value of variable CROSS_HOST equals the value of variable MACHTYPE of the current machine (for instance i686-pc-linux-gnu) modulo the second word, which is replaced by cross (i.e. i686-cross-linux-gnu).

The value of variable CROSS_TARGET equals the value of variable MACHTYPE of the machine for which the system is built (i.e. mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu).

The variable MABI defines the ABI (Application Binary Interface) for which the system will be built. -mabi is an option of GCC. n32/64 are for 64-bit CPUs only. 64 has 64-bit pointers and long integers, whereas n32 has 32-bit pointers and long integers.

The variable MARCH defines the architecture for which the system will be built. -march is an option of GCC (GNU Compiler Collection).

The variable PATH contains a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for commands. The shell will first look for commands in ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin, then, if the command was not found, in /bin and finally in /usr/bin.

unset command removes the variable associated, here CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS. Those variables are used by GCC as extra flags given to the C compiler and the C++ compiler respectively.

Finally source ~/.bash_profile reads and executes the content of the file ~/.bash_profile.

Downloads
=========

Downloading Packages
--------------------

The packages listed below are those used in this document. You can try other versions but you will need a recent version of Binutils, GCC and the kernel Linux in order to build GLLFSC for Loongson 3A.

Download those files under ${DOWNLOAD_DIR} (which is /gllfsc/download in this document).

     If you have trouble with a savannah mirror, you can have a full list of them at http://download.savannah.gnu.org/mirmon/savannah/. If you have trouble with a GNU mirror, you can have a full list of them at http://www.gnu.org/prep/ftp.html.

  * Autoconf: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/autoconf/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz.

  * Automake: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/automake/automake-1.14.tar.gz.

  * Bash: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz.

  * Binutils: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/binutils/binutils-2.24.tar.bz2.

  * Bison: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/bison/bison-2.7.tar.gz.

  * Bootscripts: http://ftp.clfs.org/pub/clfs/conglomeration/bootscripts-cross-lfs/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0.0.tar.xz.

  * Bzip2: http://www.bzip.org/1.0.6/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz.

  * CA-Certificates: http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/sources/other/certdata.txt.

  * Coreutils: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/coreutils/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz.

  * DHCPCD: http://roy.marples.name/downloads/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-6.1.0.tar.bz2.

  * Diffutils: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/diffutils/diffutils-3.3.tar.xz.

  * E2fsprogs: http://downloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.42.8.tar.gz.

  * File: ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.16.tar.gz.

  * Findutils: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/findutils/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz.

  * Flex: http://downloads.sourceforge.net/flex/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2.

  * Gawk: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gawk/gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz.

  * GCC: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gcc/gcc-4.7.3/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2.

  * Gdbm: http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm/gdbm-1.11.tar.gz.

  * Gettext: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gettext/gettext-0.18.3.1.tar.gz.

  * Glibc: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/glibc/glibc-2.18.tar.bz2.

  * Gmp: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gmp/gmp-5.1.3.tar.bz2.

  * Grep: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/grep/grep-2.15.tar.xz.

  * Groff: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/groff/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz.

  * Gzip: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gzip/gzip-1.6.tar.gz.

  * Iana-Etc: http://sethwklein.net/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2.

  * Inetutils: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/inetutils/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz.

  * Iproute2: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-3.10.0.tar.bz2.

  * Kbd: http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd/kbd-2.0.1.tar.gz.

  * Kmod: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-15.tar.gz.

  * Less: http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-458.tar.gz.

  * Libpipeline: http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/libpipeline/libpipeline-1.3.0.tar.gz.

  * Libtasn1: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/libtasn1/libtasn1-3.4.tar.gz.

  * Libtool: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/libtool/libtool-2.4.2.tar.gz.

  * Linux-Libre  (The kernel Linux is shipped with proprietary firmware. The version called Linux-Libre exists without them, it is available for download at http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/.). https://kernel.googlesource.com/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vapier/lemote/+archive/2.6.36-21.lemote.tar.gz, http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/2.6.36-gnu1/deblob-2.6.36 and http://linux-libre.fsfla.org/pub/linux-libre/releases/2.6.36-gnu1/deblob-check.

  * Lynx: http://invisible-mirror.net/archives/lynx/tarballs/lynx2.8.8dev.16.tar.bz2.

  * M4: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/m4/m4-1.4.17.tar.bz2.

  * Make: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/make/make-4.0.tar.bz2.

  * Man-db: http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/man-db/man-db-2.6.7.1.tar.xz.

  * Man-Pages: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/Archive/man-pages-3.54.tar.bz2.

  * Mpc: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/mpc/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz.

  * Mpfr: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/mpfr/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2.

  * Nano: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/nano/nano-2.3.2.tar.gz.

  * Ncurses: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/ncurses/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz.

  * Openssl: ftp://ftp.openssl.org/source/old/1.0.1/openssl-1.0.1i.tar.gz.

  * Patch: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/patch/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2.

  * Perl: http://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-5.18.1.tar.gz.

  * Procps: http://procps.sourceforge.net/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz.

  * Psmisc: http://sourceforge.net/projects/psmisc/files/psmisc/psmisc-22.20.tar.gz.

  * Readline: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/readline/readline-6.2.tar.gz.

  * Runit: http://smarden.org/runit/runit-2.1.2.tar.gz

  * Sed: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/sed/sed-4.2.2.tar.bz2.

  * Shadow: http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/releases/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2.

  * Sysvinit: http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-2.88dsf.tar.bz2.

  * Tar: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/tar/tar-1.27.1.tar.bz2.

  * Texinfo: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/texinfo/texinfo-4.13a.tar.gz.

  * Tzcode: http://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/releases/tzcode2013h.tar.gz.

  * Tzdata: http://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/releases/tzdata2013h.tar.gz.

  * Udev: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev-175.tar.gz.

  * Util-Linux: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.24/util-linux-2.24.tar.bz2.

  * Wireless_tools: http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Linux/wireless_tools.29.tar.gz.

  * Wpa_supplicant: http://w1.fi/releases/wpa_supplicant-2.0.tar.gz.

  * Wget: http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/wget/wget-1.14.tar.gz.

  * XZ-Utils: http://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.0.8.tar.bz2.

  * Zlib: http://www.zlib.net/fossils/zlib-1.2.8.tar.gz.

Downloading Patches
-------------------

Patches and configuration files location:

  * http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/loongson3a/gllfsc-loongson3a-1.7-patches.tar.gz. After having downloaded this file under ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}, execute the following commands to extract its content:

     cd ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}
     tar xvf gllfsc-loongson3a-1.7-patches.tar.gz
     cd

  * http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/lemote/gnewsense/tags/2.6.36-libre-lemote_0lxo/100gnu+freedo.patch this patch adds a picture of a GNU beside Freedo, Freedo being the mascot of Linux-Libre. The image can be seen on http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/100gnu+freedo.

Final Preparations
==================

Target Filesystem Hierarchy Creation
------------------------------------

cd ${TARGET_DIR}

# /usr is required for cmake, python and ruby at least
mkdir -v usr
cd usr
mkdir -v bin include lib share src
ln -sv bin sbin
ln -sv lib lib32
ln -sv lib lib64
cd ..

mkdir -v boot dev etc home local mnt proc root run static sys var
mkdir -v cross-tools libexec

ln -sv usr/bin bin
ln -sv usr/bin sbin
ln -sv usr/include include
ln -sv usr/lib lib
ln -sv usr/lib lib32
ln -sv usr/lib lib64
ln -sv usr/share share
ln -sv usr/src src
install -dv -m 0777 tmp

install -dv -m 1777 var
cd var
mkdir -v cache local lock log mail run spool
mkdir -pv lib/misc lib/locate
cd ..

install -dv -m 0750 root

cd local
mkdir -v bin include lib src
ln -sv bin sbin
ln -sv lib lib32
mkdir -v share
cd share
mkdir -v doc info locale man misc terminfo zoneinfo
mkdir -v man/man{1..8}
cd ../..
ln -sv share/man man
cd

The command install -dv -m 1777 var creates the directory var with the permissions to read, write and execute for everyone. The '1' in 1777 is the sticky bit which allows deletion of the file or directory having this attribute only for the owner of the file or directory.

The command ln -svf lib lib64 creates a symbolic link (option -s) with the name lib64 which will point to lib.

Creating needed user, groups and log files
------------------------------------------

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/passwd << EOF
root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
EOF

The file /etc/passwd contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons. These fields are:

  * login name;

  * optional encrypted password;

  * numerical user ID;

  * numerical group ID;

  * user name or comment field;

  * user home directory;

  * optional user command interpreter.

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/group << EOF
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tty:x:4:
tape:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
EOF

The file /etc/group is a text file which defines the groups on the system. There is one entry per line, with the following format: group_name:password:GID:user_list.

touch ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
    ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
chmod -v 664 ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
    ${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/lastlog

Building the Cross-Compilation Toolchain
****************************************

In this chapter, the cross-compilation toolchain is built as well as core components of the target system. Those will then be used to build the target system.

Target Linux-Header
===================

In this document, the kernel used is the one modified by Lemote to support Loongson 3A. The changes made by Lemote have been merged into the official kernel maintained by Linus Torvalds as of 3.15. However, some changes made in the kernel since 3.14 require the non-free firmware of the radeon driver earlier at boot: without the firmware, the screen will remain blank, making the Yeeloong 8133 unusable. (See https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=77861 for details.) Branch 2.6.36 modified by Lemote is usable without the non-free firmware of the radeon driver.

# 1 hour mostly to deblob the kernel
cd ${BUILD_DIR}

mkdir linux-2.6.36-21.lemote
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/2.6.36-21.lemote.tar.gz -C linux-2.6.36-21.lemote
cd linux-2.6.36-21.lemote

cp ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/deblob-2.6.36 .
cp ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/deblob-check .

chmod u+x deblob*

# About 60 minutes for the following command
./deblob-2.6.36 --force

rm deblob*
cd ..
mv linux-2.6.36-21.lemote linux-2.6.36-21.lemote-gnu1

# About 2 minutes for the following command (404 MB)
tar -cf linux-2.6.36-21.lemote-gnu1.tar linux-2.6.36-21.lemote-gnu1

# About 35 minutes for the following command (56 MB)
# (requires ~1 GB of RAM)
#xz -9 linux-2.6.36-21.lemote-gnu1.tar

mv linux-2.6.36-21.lemote-gnu1.tar ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}
#mv linux-2.6.36-21.lemote-gnu1.tar.xz ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}

cd linux-2.6.36-21.lemote-gnu1

make mrproper
make ARCH=mips headers_check
make ARCH=mips INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install
cp -rv dest/include/* ${TARGET_DIR}/include
cd ..
rm -rf linux-2.6.36-21.lemote-gnu1
cd

1 hour is the time it takes to build the package on Lemote Yeeloong with a Loongson 3A processor.

The command make mrproper cleans the sources.

We need to specify ARCH=mips as we are cross-compiling.

Cross Binutils
==============

GNU Binutils (GNU binary utilities) is a collection of programs for manipulating binaries.

# 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.24.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd $BUILD_DIR/binutils-2.24
mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
cd ../binutils-build
CC="gcc" AR="ar" \
    ../binutils-2.24/configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --enable-64-bit-bfd \
    --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
    --disable-nls \
    --enable-shared
make configure-host
make
make install
cp -v ../binutils-2.24/include/libiberty.h \
    ${TARGET_DIR}/include
cd ..
rm -rf binutils-build
rm -rf binutils-2.24
cd

CC="gcc" and AR="ar" are flags that tell the configure script to use the local commands gcc as the C compiler and ar as the program that handles archives.

--prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools tells the configure script to install architecture-independant files in ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools.

The option --enable-64-bit-bfd enables 64 bit for BFD (the Binary File Descriptor).

--with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} tells Binutils to consider ${TARGET_DIR} as the root of a tree that contains (a subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system. Target system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched in there.

The --enable-nls option enables Native Language Support (NLS), which lets Binutils output diagnostics in languages other than American English. Native Language Support is enabled by default if not doing a canadian cross build. The --disable-nls option disables NLS.

The option --enable-shared is used to build shared versions of libraries, if shared libraries are supported on the target platform. Use --disable-shared to build only static libraries.

Cross GCC (C support only)
==========================

GCC is the GNU compiler collection. It can compile many languages, of which only C and C++ will be enabled in this document.

In this section, we build a minimal GCC in order to build glibc.

     to build GMP (a GCC dependency), you need a version of GCC different from 4.3.2 on your system (https://gmplib.org/#STATUS):

     GCC 4.3.2 miscompiles GMP on 64-bit machines; please use a different gcc version (e.g., gcc 4.3.1 and gcc 4.3.3 both work properly). We have not been able to find any workaround for this gcc bug. Unfortunately, Debian 5.0 has decided to stay with this trouble gcc version, resulting in that many users strike this bug.

I recommend installing gcc-4.4 on gNewSense 3.0 to avoid this issue.

# 1 hour 35 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3.tar.bz2
mv gmp-5.1.3 gmp
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2
mv mpfr-3.1.2 mpfr
mkdir -pv ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build
../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
    --disable-multilib \
    --with-newlib \
    --disable-nls \
    --disable-shared \
    --disable-threads \
    --enable-languages=c \
    --with-abi=${MABI} \
    --with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
    --with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
make all-gcc
make all-target-libgcc
make install-gcc
make install-target-libgcc
cd ..
rm -r gcc-build
rm -r gcc-4.7.3
cd

--disable-multilib specifies that multiple target libraries to support different target variants (Such as different ABI, for instance n32 and 64.), calling conventions, etc. should not be built. The default is to build a predefined set of them.

--with-newlib specifies that newlib is being used as the target C library.

--disable-threads specifies that threading support should be disabled.

--enable-languages=c specifies that only the C compiler and its runtime libraries should be built.

GCC provides a low-level runtime library, libgcc.a or libgcc_s.so.1 on some platforms. GCC generates calls to routines in this library automatically, whenever it needs to perform some operation that is too complicated to emit inline code for. This is built with make all-target-libgcc and installed with make install-target-libgcc

Target glibc
============

Glibc is the GNU C library. It provides macros, type definitions, and functions for tasks like string handling, mathematical computations, input/output processing, memory allocation and several other operating system services.

# 1 hour 40 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.18.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/glibc-2.18
sed -i.orig '4775s/3.79\* | 3.\[89\]\*/& | 4.0/' configure
sed -i.orig "s/ -lgcc_eh\| -lgcc_s//g" Makeconfig
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
    ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
mkdir -pv ../glibc-build
cd ../glibc-build

cat > config.cache << EOF
libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes
libc_cv_slibdir=/lib
EOF

cat > configparms << EOF
install_root=${TARGET_DIR}
libdir=/lib
EOF

BUILD_CC="gcc" \
    CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \
    AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
    RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib" \
    ../glibc-2.18/configure \
    --prefix= \
    --libexecdir=/lib/glibc \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --disable-profile \
    --enable-add-ons \
    --with-tls \
    --enable-kernel=2.6.36 \
    --with-__thread \
    --with-binutils=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
    --with-headers=${TARGET_DIR}/include \
    --enable-obsolete-rpc \
    --cache-file=config.cache

make

make install

cd ..
rm -rf glibc-build
rm -rf glibc-2.18
cd

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/nsswitch.conf << EOF
# Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf

passwd: files
group: files
shadow: files

hosts: files dns
networks: files

protocols: files
services: files
ethers: files
rpc: files

# End /etc/nsswitch.conf
EOF

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/ld.so.conf << EOF
# Begin /etc/ld.so.conf

/local/lib

# End /etc/ld.so.conf
EOF

Glibc uses n32 ABI by default with MIPS. To use MABI instead, we do the following:

echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
    ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure

The file config.cache is used to attribute values to variables of the configure script.

libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes is used to avoid the error message error: forced unwind support is required.

libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes is used to avoid the error message error: the compiler must support C cleanup handling.

libc_cv_slibdir=/lib defines /lib as the directory in which the C library of the target system will be installed, instead of /lib64 or /lib32.

You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it to go by setting the install_root variable on the command line for make install. The value of this variable is prepended to all the paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot environment or preparing a binary distribution. The directory should be specified with an absolute file name.

Files listed in install-lib are installed in the directory specified by libdir in configparms or Makeconfig.

BUILD_CC="gcc" \
    CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \
    AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
    RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"

CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" sets CC to the cross-compiler for the target's architecture, processor and ABI we configured the library for. AR and RANLIB are set to cross-compiling versions of ar and ranlib as the native tools are not configured to work with object files for the target we configured for.

--prefix= tells the configure script to install glibc in the root directory (/) of the target system.

Unlike previous builds, --host now equals ${CROSS_TARGET} instead of ${CROSS_HOST}. This is because we are building the glibc version that the target system will use. We won't have to build it later.

Profiling can be of help to optimize a program by analysing memory use, the usage of particular instructions, etc. Option --disable-profile is used to disable this.

Option --enable-add-ons is used to enable all the add-on packages in the main source directory, which includes the glibc-ports used to support the MIPS architecture.

The option --with-tls tells the configure script to use TLS (thread-local storage). Thread-local storage is a computer programming method that uses memory local to a thread.

The 2.6.36 parameter given to option --enable-kernel describes the smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated library is expected to support. The higher the version number is, the less compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets.

Option --with-__thread enables threads in glibc.

The option --with-binutils=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin tells the configure script to use the binutils (assembler and linker) built in the cross-compilation toolchain process.

--with-headers=${TARGET_DIR}/include indicates the location of the kernel Linux' headers.

--enable-obsolete-rpc tells the configure script to install remote procedure call (RPC) headers. Those may be required by some programs.

--cache-file=config.cache specifies the file in which cache variables are listed for configure.

The file ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/nsswitch.conf contains the configuration of NSS (Name Service Switch). NSS is a facility in Unix-like operating systems that provides a variety of sources for common configuration databases and name resolution mechanisms. These sources include local operating system files (such as /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/hosts), the Domain Name System (DNS), the Network Information Service (NIS), and LDAP.

Cross GCC (C and C++ support)
=============================

In this section, we build a complete cross-compiler with support for C and C++ languages.

# 2 hours 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3.tar.bz2
mv gmp-5.1.3 gmp
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2
mv mpfr-3.1.2 mpfr
mkdir -v ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build
../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
    --disable-nls \
    --enable-shared \
    --enable-__cxa_atexit \
    --disable-multilib \
    --with-abi=${MABI} \
    --enable-c99 \
    --enable-long-long \
    --enable-threads=posix \
    --enable-languages=c,c++ \
    --with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
    --with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf gcc-build
rm -rf gcc-4.7.3
cd

--enable-__cxa_atexit enables __cxa_atexit, rather than atexit, to register C++ destructors for local statics and global objects.  This is essential for fully standards-compliant handling of destructors, but requires __cxa_atexit in libc.

--enable-c99 enables support for the C99 standard.

--enable-long-long enables support for long long int types.

Building the Cross-Compilation Tools
************************************

File
====

The command file is used to determine the type of a file: text, executable or data.

# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.16.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.16
./configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf file-5.16
cd

Groff
=====

Groff is the GNU version of the roff document formatting system which is used to produce man pages.

You need G++ on your system to compile this program from source. Under gNewSense 3.0, try sudo apt-get install g++-4.4.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2
PAGE=A4 \
    ./configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --without-x
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf groff-1.22.2
cd

PAGE=A4 defines the default format of pages for printed output.

--without-x disables the dependancy on the X window system.

Shadow
======

The package contains programs to handle users, groups and passwords in a secure way: passwords are encrypted.

# 3 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch
#sed -i.orig \
#    's/bindir)\/\$\$i/bindir)\/mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu-\$\$i/' \
#    src/Makefile.am
#automake-1.11
echo "shadow_cv_passwd_dir=${TARGET_DIR}/bin" > config.cache
echo "ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no" >> config.cache
./configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --sbindir=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
    --sysconfdir=${TARGET_DIR}/etc \
    --disable-shared \
    --without-audit \
    --without-libpam \
    --without-selinux \
    --program-prefix=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
    --cache-file=config.cache
sed -i.orig "/PASSWD_PROGRAM/s/passwd/${CROSS_TARGET}-&/" config.h
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
cd

The patch shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch is used so that shadow can be built with the sysroot method. Because we use this patch, shadow_cv_passwd_dir=${TARGET_DIR}/bin and ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no have to be added in config.cache in order for the configure script not to test the functionalities associated.

--without-audit, --without-libpam and --without-selinux disable support for auditing, PAM (Pluggable authentication modules) and SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux). We do not need those extra features.

--program-prefix=${CROSS_TARGET}- prepends the value of CROSS_TARGET (that is mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu in this document) to installed program names for cross-compilation.

M4
==

Bison 2.5 requires M4 to be built.

GNU M4 is a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro language. GNU M4 is used in GNU Autoconf' configure files.

# 3 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17
./configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf m4-1.4.17
cd

Ncurses
=======

GNU ncurses contains a library used to write text-based user interfaces in a terminal-independent manner.

# 3 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
./configure \
    --prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
    --without-shared
make -C include
make -C progs tic
install -m755 progs/tic ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin
cd ..
rm -rf ncurses-5.9
cd

--without-shared is used to avoid building the whole library as only tic is installed.

Cleaning up Cross-Compilation Toolchain
=======================================

In order to save some space, binaries and libraries of cross-compilation tools can be stripped out.

     incorrect cleaning arguments used against library files can lead to library files breaking. For this reason, be careful of the command arguments. If you are not comfortable with this, you can skip this section as it will have no effect on the process of building the target system.

cd ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
strip --strip-all bin/*
strip --strip-debug lib/*
cd

--strip-all removes all symbols. This command reduces the size of the bin directory's content from 29 MB to 12 MB.

--strip-debug removes debugging symbols only. This command reduces the size of the lib directory's content from 15 MB to 14 MB.

Building the Target System
**************************

After having set up the cross-compilation toolchain and tools, the operating system for the target machine is built in this chapter.

Setting up the Environment
==========================

Because this chapter is about the build of the target system and not the build of the cross-compilation toolchain and tools anymore, we need to update some environment  variables.

For more convenience, we can set environment variables up in the ~/.bashrc file, so that this setup is preserved when logging in:

cat >> ~/.bashrc << EOF
export CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"
export CXX="${CROSS_TARGET}-g++ -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"
export AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar"
export AS="${CROSS_TARGET}-as"
export RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
export LD="${CROSS_TARGET}-ld"
export STRIP="${CROSS_TARGET}-strip"
EOF
source ~/.bash_profile

CC is the flag that indicates the C compiler to be used, CXX the C++ compiler, AR the archiver, AS the assembler, RANLIB the archives' index generator, LD the linker and STRIP the program for stripping.

All the programs to be used are prefixed with ${CROSS_TARGET}- in order to use the cross-compilation toolchain instead of the toolchain of the host.

Man Pages
=========

The man-pages package documents the kernel Linux and C library's interfaces that are used by user-space programs.

# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-pages-3.54.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-pages-3.54
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf man-pages-3.54
cd

The option prefix=${TARGET_DIR} is used to install the man pages on the target directory instead of the /usr directory of the host.

Zlib
====

Zlib is a compression/decompression library.

# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.8
./configure \
    --prefix=
make AR="${AR}"
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf zlib-1.2.8
cd

In order to build zlib by cross-compilation, the flag AR has to be equal to ${AR}.

Binutils
========

GNU Binutils (GNU binary utilities) is a collection of programs for manipulating binaries.

# 30 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.24.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/binutils-2.24
mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
cd ../binutils-build
../binutils-2.24/configure \
    --prefix= \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --enable-64-bit-bfd \
    --enable-shared
make configure-host
make tooldir=
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} tooldir= install
cp -v ../binutils-2.24/include/libiberty.h ${TARGET_DIR}/include
cd ..
rm -rf binutils-build
rm -rf binutils-2.24
cd

The option --host is now set to CROSS_TARGET because the host that will run this build will be the target system.

GMP
===

GMP (GNU multiple precision arithmetic library) is required to build GCC.

# 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3
./configure \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --enable-cxx
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{gmp,gmpxx}.la
cd ..
rm -rf gmp-5.1.3
cd

The option --enable-cxx enables support for the C++ language.

The files ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{gmp,gmpxx}.la are removed to avoid the following error when building MPFR: /lib/libgmp.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong format.

MPFR
====

GNU MPFR (Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliably) is a portable C library for arbitrary-precision binary floating-point computation with correct rounding.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2
./configure \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libmpfr.la
cd ..
rm -rf mpfr-3.1.2
cd

The file ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libmpfr.la is removed to avoid the following error when building MPC: /lib/libmpfr.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong format.

MPC
===

GNU MPC (Multiple Precision Complex Library) is a C library for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision and correct rounding of the result.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1
./configure \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf mpc-1.0.1
cd

GCC
===

GCC is the GNU Compiler Collection.

# 2 hours 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.in
sed -i.orig 's@\./fixinc\.sh@-c true@' gcc/Makefile.in
mkdir -v ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build
../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
    --prefix= \
    --libexecdir=/lib \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --enable-shared \
    --enable-threads=posix \
    --enable-__cxa_atexit \
    --enable-c99 \
    --enable-long-long \
    --disable-multilib \
    --with-abi=${MABI} \
    --enable-clocale=gnu \
    --enable-languages=c,c++ \
    --disable-libstdcxx-pch
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
ln -sv gcc ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/cc
cd ..
rm -rf gcc-build
rm -rf gcc-4.7.3
cd

sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.in is used as we already installed the library libiberty.a with Binutils.

Using --enable-clocale=gnu option ensures that the correct locale will automatically be chosen.

Option --disable-libstdcxx-pch disables support for precompiled headers (PCH).

The line ln -sv gcc ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/cc creates a symbolic link cc that points on gcc.

Sed
===

GNU sed is a stream editor: it is used to perform basic text transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline).

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sed-4.2.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/sed-4.2.2
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --bindir=/bin
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf sed-4.2.2
cd

E2fsprogs
=========

E2fsprogs is a package that contains tools to handle the ext2, ext3 and ext4 filesystems.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.8
mkdir -v build
cd build
../configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --with-root-prefix="" \
    --enable-elf-shlibs
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-libs
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so
cd ../..
rm -rf e2fsprogs-1.42.8
cd

--with-root-prefix="" is used to put e2fsprogs binaries inside /sbin instead of PREFIX/sbin which would be /sbin.

Option --enable-elf-shlibs enables e2fsprogs shared libraries.

make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-libs is used to install libraries, those are not installed with make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install.

The sequence of commands that follows first removes symbolic links ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so which point on abolute paths /lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so. In order to use the libraries of the target operating system, we need to symlink ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so to their relative paths files.

Coreutils
=========

GNU coreutils (core utilities) includes the standard programs for text and file manipulation.

On gNewSense Parkes, you need to install xz-utils to extract the package.

# 30 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19
cat > config.cache << EOF
fu_cv_sys_stat_statfs2_bsize=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_incomplete_state=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_nul_retval=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_null_arg=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_retval=yes
gl_cv_func_btowc_eof=yes
gl_cv_func_wcrtomb_retval=yes
gl_cv_func_wctob_works=yes
gl_cv_func_fstatat_zero_flag=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --enable-install-program=hostname \
    --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf coreutils-8.19
cd

The variables listed in the file config.cache are used in order to avoid that the configure script evaluate their values: otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.

We use --enable-install-program=hostname to install the command hostname which is not built by default.

We use --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime in order not to install commands kill and uptime. Those commands will be installed by the package procps.

iana-etc
========

The iana-etc package installs services and protocols using data from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf iana-etc-2.30
cd

M4
==

GNU M4 is a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro language. GNU M4 is used in GNU Autoconf' configure files.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf m4-1.4.17
cd

Bison
=====

GNU bison parser generator.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bison-2.7.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/bison-2.7
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf bison-2.7
cd

echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h is used to build NLS (native language support) inside bison.

Ncurses
=======

# 7 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --with-shared \
    --enable-widec \
    --without-debug \
    --without-ada \
    --with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE" \
    --libdir=/lib
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf ncurses-5.9
cd

Option --enable-widec enables wide characters support in ncurses.

Option --without-ada disables support for the Ada programming language inside ncurses.

Procps
======

The procps package contains utilities that give information about processes using the /proc filesystem. The package includes the commands ps, top, vmstat, w, kill, free, slabtop, and skill.

# 2 minutes
ln -sv ncursesw/curses.h ${TARGET_DIR}/include/curses.h
ln -sv ncursesw/ncurses.h ${TARGET_DIR}/include/ncurses.h
ln -sv ncursesw/term.h ${TARGET_DIR}/include/term.h
ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libncurses.so
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8

# From http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-make/2010-07/msg00153.html
sed '177s,\*/module.mk,proc/module.mk ps/proc.mk,' -i.orig Makefile

make \
    CPPFLAGS= \
    lib64=lib
make \
    DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
    lib64=lib \
    ldconfig= \
    install="install -D" \
    install
cd ..
rm -rf procps-3.2.8
cd

Option lib64=lib makes the directory /lib the one where to put 64 bit libraries, default would be /lib64.

Option ldconfig=  is used in order not to use current host's ldconfig.

Option install="install -D" is used so that all the files installed are owned by the current user. By default, all installed files are owned by root.

Libtool
=======

GNU libtool is a generic library support script. It hides the complexity of using shared libraries behind a consistent, portable interface.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libtool-2.4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/libtool-2.4.2
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf libtool-2.4.2
cd

Readline
========

The GNU Readline library provides a set of functions for use by applications that allow users to edit command lines as they are typed in.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/readline-6.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/readline-6.2
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --libdir=/lib
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-doc
cd ..
rm -rf readline-6.2
cd

Autoconf
========

GNU autoconf is an extensible package of M4 macros that produce shell scripts to automatically configure software source code packages. These scripts can adapt the packages to many kinds of UNIX-like systems without manual user intervention.

# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf autoconf-2.69
cd

Automake
========

GNU automake is a tool for automatically generating Makefile.in files compliant with the GNU Coding Standards (http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/).

# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/automake-1.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/automake-1.14
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf automake-1.14
cd

Bash
====

GNU Bash (Bourne again shell) is an sh-compatible shell that incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell (csh).

# 7 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bash-4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/bash-4.2
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_func_mmap_fixed_mapped=yes
ac_cv_func_strcoll_works=yes
ac_cv_func_working_mktime=yes
bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp=present
bash_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes
bash_cv_job_control_missing=present
bash_cv_printf_a_format=yes
bash_cv_sys_named_pipes=present
bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds=yes
bash_cv_under_sys_siglist=yes
bash_cv_unusable_rtsigs=no
gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --bindir=/bin \
    --cache-file=config.cache \
    --without-bash-malloc \
    --with-installed-readline
make
make \
    DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
    htmldir=/share/doc/bash-4.2 \
    install
ln -sv bash ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/sh
cd ..
rm -rf bash-4.2
cd

The variables listed in the file config.cache are used in order to avoid that the configure script evaluate their values: otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.

Option --without-bash-malloc tells the configure script not to use the malloc function shipped with Bash. Glibc's version will be used instead.

Option --with-installed-readline tells the configure script to use the installed readline library instead of the one shipped with Bash.

ln -sv bash ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/sh creates a symlink sh to bash.

Bzip2
=====

Bzip2 is a package that contains utilities to compress and decompress files with a better original size/compressed size ratio than gzip.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6
sed -i -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile
sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile
make \
    -f Makefile-libbz2_so \
    CC="${CC}" \
    AR="${AR}" \
    RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
make clean
make \
    CC="${CC}" \
    AR="${AR}" \
    RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
make \
    PREFIX=${TARGET_DIR} \
    install
cp -av libbz2.so* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libbz2.so
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
cp -v bzip2-shared ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzip2
ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bunzip2
ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzcat
cd ..
rm -rf bzip2-1.0.6
cd

sed -i.orig -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile is used to skip tests when building.

sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile is used in order to have relative path symlinks instead of absolute ones.

Option -f Makefile-libbz2_so is used to build shared libraries.

Flags CC, AR and RANLIB are used so that bzip2 is built using cross-compilation tools instead of the host's ones.

make clean is used to clean up temporary files.

The second build commands are used to build static libraries.

DHCPCD
======

DHCPCD is a wrapper for the DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) client daemon.

# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/dhcpcd-6.1.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/dhcpcd-6.1.0
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --bindir=/sbin \
    --sysconfdir=/etc \
    --dbdir=/var/lib/dhcpcd \
    --libexecdir=/lib/dhcpcd
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf dhcpcd-6.1.0
cd

Diffutils
=========

GNU Diffutils is a package of several programs related to finding differences between files.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/diffutils-3.3.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/diffutils-3.3
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf diffutils-3.3
cd

File
====

# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.16.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.16
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf file-5.16
cd

Findutils
=========

The GNU Find Utilities are typically used to provide directory search and file locating capabilities.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2
cat > config.cache << EOF
gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
gl_cv_header_working_fcntl_h=yes
ac_cv_func_fnmatch_gnu=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --libexecdir=/lib/locate \
    --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf findutils-4.4.2
cd

Flex
====

Flex is a tool for generating scanners. A scanner, sometimes called a tokenizer, is a program which recognizes lexical patterns in text.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37
# From http://sourceforge.net/p/flex/bugs/151/
sed '1s/$/\n#undef malloc\n#undef realloc/' \
    -i.orig lib/realloc.c
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_path_M4="/bin/m4"
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
ln -sv libfl.a ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libl.a
cd ..
rm -r flex-2.5.37
cd

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/lex << EOF
#!/bin/sh
exec /bin/flex -l \$@
EOF
chmod -v 755 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/lex

config.cache forces flex to use /bin/m4 instead of /gllfsc/cross-tools/bin/m4 on the target machine.

For compatibility issues, we create the symlink libl.a.

We then create target system's /bin/lex that will execute flex with option -l in order to behave with maximal compatibility like lex.

Gawk
====

GNU awk (Gawk) is a program used to select particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gawk-4.1.0
sed -i.orig \
    '/check-recursive all-recursive/s/ check-for-shared-lib-support//' \
    extension/Makefile.in
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --libexecdir=/lib
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -r gawk-4.1.0
cd

The sed expression is used to avoid the error Building the extensions is not supported on this platform.

Gdbm
====

GNU dbm is a library of database functions.

tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gdbm-1.11.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gdbm-1.11
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -r gdbm-1.11
cd

Gettext
=======

GNU gettext utilities are a set of tools that provides a framework to help packages produce multi-lingual messages.

# 20 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.3.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.3.1
cat > config.cache << EOF
am_cv_func_iconv_works=yes
gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
gt_cv_func_printf_posix=yes
gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
#cp gettext-tools/gnulib-lib/.libs/libgettextlib.la{,i}
#cp gettext-tools/src/.libs/libgettextsrc.la{,i}
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf gettext-0.18.3.1
cd

Grep
====

GNU grep command searches one or more input files for lines containing a match to a specified pattern.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/grep-2.15.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/grep-2.15
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --bindir=/bin \
    --disable-perl-regexp
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf grep-2.15
cd

Option --disable-perl-regexp disables support of Perl-style regular expressions (regexp).

Groff
=====

Groff is the GNU version of the roff document formatting system which is used to produce man pages.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2
PAGE=A4 \
    ./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make \
    TROFFBIN=troff \
    GROFFBIN=groff \
    GROFF_BIN_PATH=
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
ln -sv soelim ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/zsoelim
ln -sv eqn ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/geqn
ln -sv tbl ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/gtbl
cd ..
rm -rf groff-1.22.2
cd

The variables TROFFBIN=troff and GROFFBIN=groff tell make to use troff and groff commands installed in the Building the Cross-Compilation Tools to build documentation.

The variable GROFF_BIN_PATH before PATH is checked for programs groff is calling (preprocessors, troff, and output devices). If not set, it defaults to the directory where the groff binary is located.

The symlinks are used for compatibility.

Gzip
====

GNU Gzip is a data compression program.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gzip-1.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/gzip-1.6
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf gzip-1.6
cd

Inetutils
=========

Inetutils is a collection of common network programs.

# 6 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1
sed -i '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h
sed -i -e '/PATH_PROCNET_DEV/s/\ no//' paths
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf inetutils-1.9.1
cd

sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h is used to fix the following error when issuing make: ./stdio.h:1030:1: error: 'gets' undeclared here (not in a function).

sed -i.orig -e '/PATH_PROCNET_DEV/s/\ no//' paths is used to fix the following error when issuing make: 'PATH_PROCNET_DEV' undeclared (first use in this function).

Iproute2
========

Iproute2 is a collection of utilities for controlling TCP and UDP IP networking and traffic.

You need bison and flex to build this package.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iproute2-3.10.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/iproute2-3.10.0
sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile
make \
    DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
    CC="${CC}" \
    DOCDIR=/share/doc/iproute2 \
    MANDIR=/share/man
make \
    DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
    DOCDIR=/share/doc/iproute2 \
    MANDIR=/share/man \
    install
cd ..
rm -rf iproute2-3.10.0
cd

sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile is used to disable the build of arpd as it requires Berkeley DB to be installed.

DOCDIR and MANDIR indicate the location in which the documentation and the manual pages will be installed, respectively. Those are no absolute paths but use the value of DESTDIR as a prefix.

Kbd
===

Kbd contains keytable files and keyboard utilities.

You need check on the build OS to build this package.

# 3 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kbd-2.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/kbd-2.0.1

# Do not check for CHECK:
sed '14s/^/#/' -i.orig configure.ac
autoconf configure.ac > configure

sed -i.orig '/SUBDIRS/s/ tests//' Makefile.in
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --disable-vlock
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf kbd-2.0.1
cd

sed -i.orig '/SUBDIRS/s/ tests//' Makefile.in is used to prevent files in the tests directory to be built.

Option --disable-vlock disables the build of vlock. vlock needs PAM library headers to be present on the build system and is not necessary for us, so we do not build it.

Kmod
====

Kmod (previously known as module-init-tools) provide userspace-side assistance in loading kernel modules and their dependencies.

You need xsltproc on the build OS to build this package.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kmod-15.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/kmod-15
zlib_CFLAGS="-I${TARGET_DIR}/include" \
    zlib_LIBS="-L${TARGET_DIR}/lib -lz" \
    ./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --with-zlib
make
make \
    DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
    INSTALL=install \
    install
cd ..
rm -rf kmod-15
cd

# For bootscripts:
ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/lsmod
ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/depmod
ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/insmod
ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/modprobe
ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/modinfo
ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/rmmod

zlib_CFLAGS and zlib_LIBS are defined to avoid the error message: The pkg-config script could not be found or is too old. Make sure it is in your PATH or set the PKG_CONFIG environment variable to the full path to pkg-config. Alternatively, you may set the environment variables zlib_CFLAGS and zlib_LIBS to avoid the need to call pkg-config.

--with-zlib enables support for modules compressed with zlib.

By default, installation uses INSTALL=install-with-care which checks if old utilities have not been destroyed. To avoid this check, we use INSTALL=install.

Less
====

Less is a file pager: it is used to view the content of a text file.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/less-458.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/less-458
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf less-458
cd

Libpipeline
===========

Libpipeline is a C library for manipulating pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way.

tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libpipeline-1.3.0.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/libpipeline-1.3.0
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf libpipeline-1.3.0
cd

Make
====

GNU make utility determines automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to recompile them.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/make-4.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/make-4.0
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf make-4.0
cd

Man-db
======

Man-db is an implementation of the standard Unix documentation system accessed using the man command.  It uses a Berkeley DB database in place of the traditional flat-text whatis databases.

# fix /lib/libpipeline.so: error adding symbols: File in wrong format
rm ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libgdbm.la
rm ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libpipeline.la

tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-db-2.6.7.1.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-db-2.6.7.1
libpipeline_CFLAGS="-I${TARGET_DIR}/include" \
    libpipeline_LIBS="-L${TARGET_DIR}/lib -lpipeline" \
    ./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf man-db-2.6.7.1
cd

sed -i 's/#\(DEFINE.*pager.*\)less -s/\1 less -isRc/' \
    ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/man_db.conf

libpipeline_CFLAGS and libpipeline_LIBS are defined to avoid the error message: The pkg-config script could not be found or is too old. Make sure it is in your PATH or set the PKG_CONFIG environment variable to the full path to pkg-config. Alternatively, you may set the environment variables libpipeline_CFLAGS and libpipeline_LIBS to avoid the need to call pkg-config.

The sed command is used to replace default pager with less. Option -c will cause less to display man pages faster as this option disables scrolling. Option -R will cause less to render colors in the man pages.

Nano
====

GNU nano is a lightweight text editor.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/nano-2.3.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/nano-2.3.2
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
sed -i.orig -e \
    '/CPPFLAGS/s@/usr/include/ncursesw@${TARGET_DIR}/include@' \
    `find . -iname 'Makefile'`
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf nano-2.3.2
cd

The sed expression is used to replace /usr/include/ncursesw with ${TARGET_DIR}/include in every file named Makefile in order to overcome the error /usr/include/ncursesw/ncurses.h:60:34: fatal error: ncursesw/ncurses_dll.h: No such file or directory.

     commands in nano are displayed as in `^X'. The `^' character means CTRL key, so `^X' means CTRL-X.

Patch
=====

GNU patch takes a patch file containing a difference listing produced by the diff program and applies those differences to one or more original files, producing patched versions.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_path_ed_PROGRAM=ed
ac_cv_func_strnlen_working=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf patch-2.7.1
cd

Psmisc
======

This package contains utilities that use the proc filesystem.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
EOF
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf psmisc-22.20
cd

Shadow
======

# 4 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
#automake
echo "ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes" > config.cache
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --libdir=/lib \
    --sysconfdir=/etc \
    --enable-shared \
    --without-audit \
    --without-libpam \
    --without-selinux \
    --cache-file=config.cache \
    --enable-man
sed -i.orig '/man_MANS/s/$(man_nopam) //' man/ru/Makefile
sed -i.orig 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile
for mkf in $(find man -name Makefile)
    do
    sed -i.orig -e '/groups.1.xml/d' -e 's/groups.1 //' ${mkf}
    done
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
sed -i.orig -e 's@#MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.no@MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes@' \
    -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' \
    ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/login.defs
${CROSS_TARGET}-pwconv
${CROSS_TARGET}-grpconv
cd ..
rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
cd

The option --enable-man is used to generate man pages.

The first call of sed removes $(MAN_NOPAM) on the line with man_MANS in man/ru/Makefile.am in order for make install to complete.

The second call of sed disables the build of command groups, as coreutils already installed it.

The last call of sed enables support for MD5 encrypted passwords and changes the mail default directory from /var/spool/mail to /var/mail.

The pwconv command creates shadow file from file passwd and an optionally existing shadow file.

The grpconv command creates gshadow file from file group and an optionally existing gshadow file.

Sysvinit
========

Sysvinit is the system-V style init process. Init is the first process started during booting. It is started by the kernel. Init continues running as a daemon until the system is shut down. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes.

# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf
sed -i.orig -e 's@/dev/initctl@$(ROOT)&@g' \
    -e 's@\(mknod \)-m \([0-9]* \)\(.* \)p@\1\3p; chmod \2\3@g' \
    -e '/^ifeq/s/$(ROOT)//' \
    -e 's@/usr/lib@$(ROOT)/lib@' \
    src/Makefile
make -C src clobber
make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} CC="${CC}"
make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} INSTALL="install" install
cd ..
rm -rf sysvinit-2.88dsf
cd

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inittab << EOF
# Begin /etc/inittab

id:3:initdefault:

si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc sysinit

l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6

ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin

1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
#3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
#4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
#5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
#6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600

#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100

# End /etc/inittab
EOF

The first call of sed replaces /dev/initctl with $(ROOT)/dev/initctl, and /usr/lib with $(ROOT)/lib among other things in order to install sysvinit on the target system.

make -C src clobber is used to clean up the src directory.

Then, we create the inittab file that describes which processes are started at bootup and during normal operation.

The line #c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100 is commented out (with #) in order to avoid the message: INIT: Id "c0" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes on the target system.

Tar
===

GNU tar is an archiving utility: it stores and extracts files from a tape or disk archive.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tar-1.27.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/tar-1.27.1
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf tar-1.27.1
cd

Texinfo
=======

GNU Texinfo is a documentation system that can produce both online information and a printed manual from a single source.

# 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/texinfo-4.13a.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/texinfo-4.13
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make -C tools/gnulib/lib
make -C tools
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf texinfo-4.13
cd

cd ${TARGET_DIR}/share/info
rm dir
for f in *
    do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/null
done
cd

The first three calls of make make it possible to build Texinfo by cross-compilation.

For Info to work, the info directory must contain a file that serves as a top level directory for the Info system. By convention, this file is called dir. We update this file for the target system.

Udev
====

Udev is the dynamic device management of the kernel Linux.

You need gperf on the build OS to build this package.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/udev-175.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/udev-175
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix= \
    --with-rootlibdir=/lib \
    --libexecdir=/lib/udev \
    --docdir=/share/doc/udev-175 \
    --disable-introspection \
    --with-pci-ids-path=no \
    --with-usb-ids-path=no \
    --disable-gudev
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/firmware
ln -sv ../lib/udev/udevd ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/udevd
cd ..
rm -rf udev-175
cd

Util-Linux
==========

util-linux is a random collection of utilities for use with the kernel Linux.

     If you have trouble building util-linux, try to uninstall the package named libtinfo-dev. Then remove ${BUILD_DIR}/util-linux-2.24 and build it again.

# 5 minutes
# fix /lib/libudev.so: error adding symbols: File in wrong format
rm ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libudev.la

tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/util-linux-2.24.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/util-linux-2.24
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --enable-partx \
    --disable-wall \
    --enable-write \
    --disable-makeinstall-chown
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -r util-linux-2.24
cd

Option --enable-partx enables the build and installation of the addpart, delpart and partx commands.

Option --disable-wall disables the build of the wall command which is already provided by sysvinit.

Option --enable-write enables the build and installation of the write command.

Option --disable-makeinstall-chown disables the change of owner to root for installed programs.

XZ-Utils
========

XZ Utils is a general-purpose data compression software with high compression ratio.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/xz-5.0.8.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/xz-5.0.8
./configure \
    --build=${CROSS_HOST} \
    --host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
    --prefix=
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf xz-5.0.8
cd

Bootscripts
===========

The bootscript archive contains scripts that manage services during system's bootup and shutdown.

# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0.0.tar.xz \
    -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0-pre2
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-bootscripts
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-network
cd ..
rm -rf bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0-pre2
cd

This installs basic bootscripts required for bootup and shutdown, and network-related bootscripts.

The Kernel
==========

Linux is a kernel aimed towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.

You need bc and lzma on the build OS to build this package.

     You may need to install the package libncurses5-dev to build the Kernel.

# 2 hours
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-2.6.36-21.lemote-gnu1.tar \
    -C ${BUILD_DIR}

cd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-2.6.36-21.lemote-gnu1

# Don't wait 60s for the firmware loading machinery to fail:
sed -i.orig '/static int loading_timeout/s/60/1/' \
    drivers/base/firmware_class.c

# Fix kernel freeze if firmware is missing:
sed '1961s/$/\n	return -EINVAL;/' \
    -i.orig drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r600.c

sed -e '502s/?)/?), or has been deblobbed/' \
    -e '524s/^/\tif (!dev->num_crtcs)\n\t\treturn;\n\n/' \
    -i.orig drivers/gpu/drm/drm_irq.c

make mrproper

The sed expression is used to avoid waiting 60 seconds for the binary-blob firmware to load at boot time, as those have been removed by the deblob script.

Then:

cp arch/mips/configs/loongson3_config .config
#Skip the following as, with 4 CPUs, the result is ugly:
#patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/100gnu+freedo.patch

Then, if you want to change the configuration:

make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- menuconfig

     To speed up the build, you may disable support for some file systems: Reiserfs support, JFS filesystem support, XFS filesystem support, GFS2 file system support, OCFS2 file system support, Btrfs filesystem (EXPERIMENTAL) and NILFS2 file system support (EXPERIMENTAL).

     You can also disable bootup logos in Device drivers > Graphics support > Bootup logo.

Then:

make \
    ARCH=mips \
    CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}-
make \
    ARCH=mips \
    CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
    INSTALL_MOD_PATH=${TARGET_DIR} \
    modules_install
cp vmlinuz ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.36-21-gnu1
cp System.map ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/System.map
cp .config ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/config
cd ..
cd

     because future compilation may need kernel sources, the compilation directory of the kernel should be preserved.

Creating Required Configuration Files for the New System
********************************************************

File for Time Setup
===================

#mkdir ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/clock << EOF
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock

UTC=1

# End /etc/sysconfig/clock
EOF

If you have trouble with the clock behaviour, do:

mv ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rc.d/rcsysinit.d/S15setclock \
   ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rc.d/rcsysinit.d/K15setclock

Setting up Keyboard Function keys for the Shell
===============================================

Readline default configuration file is set:

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inputrc << EOF
set bell-style none
set convert-meta Off
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off
set input-meta On
set output-meta On
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line
EOF

If convert-meta is set to on, Readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an ESC character, converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.

horizontal-scroll-mode set to off means that the text of the lines being edited will be wrapped onto a new screen line when they are longer than the width of the screen, instead of being scrolled horizontally on a single screen line.

input-meta If set to on, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.

If output-meta is set to on, Readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.

Setting up Bash Shell Startup Files
===================================

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/profile << 'EOF'
# Begin /etc/profile

export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
export PS1='\[\e[31m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]# '

# End /etc/profile
EOF

The environment variable LANG defines the default language that should be used on the system. en_US.UTF-8 means ``english'' language, country ``US'' and UTF-8 (UCS Transformation Format—8-bit) encoding (Unicode).

For explanations on PS1, see Environment Variables Setup.

Localhost Setup
===============

echo "HOSTNAME=gllfsc" > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network

Setting up hosts File
=====================

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/hosts << EOF
# Begin /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 gllfsc localhost

# End /etc/hosts
EOF

Setting up Network Address
==========================

You can choose to have a network static or dynamic address.

Setting up Network Static Address
---------------------------------

cd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
cat > ifconfig.eth0/ipv4 << EOF
ONBOOT=yes
SERVICE=ipv4-static
IP=192.168.1.1
GATEWAY=192.168.1.2
PREFIX=24
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
EOF
cd

     IP, GATEWAY, BROADCAST addresses are set up according to one's situation.

Setting up Network Dynamic Address
----------------------------------

cd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
cat > ifconfig.eth0/dhcpcd << EOF
ONBOOT=yes
SERVICE=dhcpcd
DHCP_START="-q"
DHCP_STOP="-k"
EOF
cd

Setting up DNS
==============

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/resolv.conf << EOF
# Begin /etc/resolv.conf

nameserver your-main-DNS-address
nameserver your-secondary-DNS-address

# End /etc/resolv.conf
EOF

fstab File Creation
===================

The file /etc/fstab is used at boot to mount partitions under the requested directories.

cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/fstab << EOF
# Begin /etc/fstab

# file system    mount-point  type     options        dump  fsck order

/dev/sda6        /            ext3     defaults        0    0
/dev/sda7        /home        ext3     defaults        0    0
/dev/sda3        swap         swap     pri=1           0    0
devtmpfs         /dev         dev      defaults        0    0
proc             /proc        proc     defaults        0    0
tmpfs            /run         run      defaults        0    0
sysfs            /sys         sysfs    defaults        0    0
devpts           /dev/pts     devpts   gid=4,mode=620  0    0
shm              /dev/shm     tmpfs    defaults        0    0

# End /etc/fstab
EOF

     the name of the hard drive and the name of filesystem used here have to be modified to reflect your real situation.

Before Booting GLLFSC
*********************

Archiving the System
====================

After the system has been completed, we use the command exit to logout as the gllfsc user.

Now, login as the root user.

Then fix the permissions on the new system:

export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
cd ${TARGET_DIR}
mknod -m 600 dev/console c 5 1
mknod -m 666 dev/null c 1 3
cp -a dev/{console,null} lib/udev/devices/
#chown -R root:root *
chown -R root:root \
    bin boot dev etc home include lib* local man mnt proc root run \
    sbin share src static sys tmp usr var

Also copy packages to be built after reboot:

export DOWNLOAD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/download"
for FILE in \
    tzcode2013h.tar.gz \
    tzdata2013h.tar.gz \
    runit-2.1.2.tar.gz \
    openssl-1.0.1i.tar.gz \
    wpa_supplicant-2.0.tar.gz \
    wireless_tools.29.tar.gz \
    wget-1.14.tar.gz \
    perl-5.18.1.tar.gz \
    libtasn1-3.4.tar.gz \
    lynx2.8.8dev.16.tar.bz2 \
    certdata.txt; do
cp -v ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/$FILE ${TARGET_DIR}/src
done

We archive the entire system by using the following command:

# 8 minutes
tar -cjf gllfsc-loongson3a-1.7.tar.bz2 \
    bin boot dev etc home include lib* local man mnt proc root run \
    sbin share src static sys tmp usr var

It is then easy to copy the archive to the target machine and extract it.

Some Recommendations
====================

We recommend extracting the system to an empty partition. Moreover, the filesystem of the chosen partition has to be a filesystem supported by the kernel you compiled. Finally, this partition has to be consistent with the system description in the file /etc/fstab you created during setup (see fstab File Creation).

Then, you will have to edit the PMON BIOS configuration file of the target machine: /boot.cfg. This file has to be put on the first partition of the hard drive (http://gnewsense.org/Projects/Lemote#Updating_of_the_PMON_configuration).

     On the Yeeloong 8133, vmlinuz must be on the first primary partition to be able to boot.

A minimal /boot.cfg could be:

default 0
timeout 2
showmenu 1

title  GLLFSC 1.7 (2.6.36-21 gnu1)
kernel /dev/fs/ext2@wd0/vmlinuz-2.6.36-21-gnu1
args   console=tty1 quiet root=/dev/sda6

After Booting GLLFSC
********************

Some system configuration and package installation can only be made after booting onto the new system.

Login
=====

To login as root, just type root when the system asks for your login:. Then, update your bash profile:

cat > ~/.bash_profile << EOF
export BUILD_DIR="/tmp"
export DOWNLOAD_DIR="/src"
EOF

source ~/.bash_profile

Locales
=======

You may want to have your new system display messages in your native language. If you desire to have a system supporting german, US english, french and China mainland's chinese:

mkdir /lib/locale

#localedef -i de_DE -f UTF-8 de_DE
localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US
#localedef -i fr_FR -f UTF-8 fr_FR
#localedef -i zh_CN -f UTF-8 zh_CN

Other locales are available:

  * For available charmaps, see the content of /share/i18n/charmaps.

  * For available locales, see the content of /share/i18n/locales.

Timezone
========

In order to have the time and date corresponding to the area where you live, you should build tzcode, tzdata and define your timezone.

mkdir ${BUILD_DIR}/tz
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tzcode2013h.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}/tz
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tzdata2013h.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}/tz
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/tz

make \
    TOPDIR=/ \
    TZDIR=/share/zoneinfo \
    ETCDIR=/bin

for TZ in africa antarctica asia australasia europe northamerica \
          southamerica pacificnew etcetera backward systemv factory \
          solar87 solar88 solar89; do
    zic -y "sh yearistype.sh" \
        -d /share/zoneinfo \
        -L /dev/null $TZ
done

zic -y "bash yearistype.sh" \
    -d /share/zoneinfo \
    -l GMT \
    -p America/New_York

cp iso3166.tab zone.tab /share/zoneinfo
cd ..
rm -rf tz
cd

Then, we define our timezone, in this case Europe/Paris:

cp -v --remove-destination \
    /share/zoneinfo/Europe/Paris \
    /etc/localtime

Runit
=====

runit is a cross-platform Unix init scheme with service supervision, a replacement for sysvinit, and other init schemes.

tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/runit-2.1.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/admin/runit-2.1.2

# On GLLFSC, sleep is not under /bin:
sed -i 's,/bin/sleep,sleep,' etc/debian/ctrlaltdel

cd src

make
make check

install -s -m0755 \
    chpst runit runit-init runsv runsvchdir runsvdir sv svlogd utmpset \
    /sbin

install -m0644 ../man/* \
    /share/man/man8

cd ..

mkdir /etc/runit

mkdir /service

cp etc/debian/ctrlaltdel /etc/runit/

mv /sbin/init /sbin/init.sysv
ln -sv runit-init /sbin/init

cd ../..
rm -rf admin
cd

The init-related programs have been installed. We need to create the boot scripts too: /etc/runit/1 to boot the system, /etc/runit/2 to launch 2 ttys and the service logging daemon and /etc/runit/3 to halt or reboot the system.

cat > /etc/runit/1 << 'EOF'
#!/bin/sh
# system one time tasks

# Exit on error:
set -e

PATH=/bin

echo -n '16. Mounting kernel-based file systems:'
echo -n ' /proc'
mount -n -o nosuid,noexec,nodev -t proc proc /proc
echo -n ' /sys'
mount -n -o nosuid,noexec,nodev -t sysfs sys /sys
echo ' /run'
mount -n -o mode=0755,nosuid,nodev -t tmpfs run /run

echo -n '15. Creating directories:'
echo -n ' /run/lock'
mkdir -m 1777 /run/lock
echo -n ' /dev/pts'
mkdir -p /dev/pts
echo ' /dev/shm'
mkdir -p /dev/shm

echo '14. Mounting root file system in read-write mode.'
mount -n -o remount,rw / >/dev/null

# Remove fsck-related system watermarks.
rm -f /fastboot /forcefsck

echo '13. Recording existing mounts in /etc/mtab.'
> /etc/mtab
mount -f /
mount -f /proc
mount -f /sys
mount -f /run
mount -f /dev

echo '12. Mounting remaining file systems.'
mount -a -r >/dev/null

echo '11. Cleaning file system /tmp.'
cd /tmp && find . -xdev -mindepth 1 ! -name lost+found -delete

echo '10. Creating /var/run/utmp.'
if grep -q '^utmp:' /etc/group; then
    chmod 664 /var/run/utmp
    chgrp utmp /var/run/utmp
fi

echo '9. Starting udevd...'
echo '' > /sys/kernel/uevent_helper

/lib/udev/udevd --daemon

echo '8. Performing Coldplugging...'
/sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add --type=subsystems
/sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add --type=devices

/sbin/udevadm settle

echo '7. Activating all swap files/partitions...'
swapon -a

echo '6. Setting Font...'
setfont LatArCyrHeb-16 -C /dev/tty2
setfont LatArCyrHeb-16 -C /dev/tty3

echo '5. Setting keymap to UTF-8...'
dumpkeys | loadkeys --unicode

echo '4. Enabling Multibyte input...'
kbd_mode -u

echo '3. Setting up US Keymap...'
loadkeys -q us

echo '2. Setting encoding to UTF-8...'
echo -ne $'\033%G' > /dev/tty2
echo -ne $'\033%G' > /dev/tty3

echo '1. Bringing up the loopback interface...'
ip addr add 127.0.0.1/8 label lo dev lo
ip link set lo up

echo '0. Setting hostname to gllfsc...'
hostname gllfsc

echo
echo To login, remember:
echo your login is root
echo with no password
echo
echo You can now login through tty2 by pressing simultaneously
echo Ctrl, Alt and F2 keys
echo
echo You can then come back to this screen \(tty1\) by pressing
echo simultaneously Ctrl, Alt and F1 keys
echo
echo Edit /etc/runit/1 if you want to remove this message
echo

touch /etc/runit/stopit
chmod 0 /etc/runit/stopit

exit 0
EOF

chmod +x /etc/runit/1

cat > /etc/runit/2 << EOF
#!/bin/sh

PATH=/bin

exec env -i PATH=/bin \
runsvdir -P /service 'log: ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................'
EOF

chmod +x /etc/runit/2

cat > /etc/runit/3 << EOF
#!/bin/sh

# Exit on error:
set -e

exec 2>&1

PATH=/bin

echo '4. Waiting for services to stop...'
sv down /service/*

echo '3. Exiting services...'
sv exit /service/*

echo '2. Deactivating all swap files/partitions...'
swapoff -a

# Unmount everything but /:
echo -n '1. Unmounting filesystems: /home'
umount -r /home
echo -n ' /proc'
umount -r /proc
echo -n ' /sys'
umount -r /sys
echo -n ' /dev/pts'
umount -r /dev/pts
echo ' /dev/shm'
umount -r /dev/shm

echo '0. Shutdown...'

exit 0
EOF

chmod +x /etc/runit/3

We now create useful services:

mkdir /etc/sv
mkdir /etc/sv/getty-2

cat > /etc/sv/getty-2/run << EOF
#!/bin/sh
exec /sbin/agetty tty2 9600
EOF
chmod +x /etc/sv/getty-2/run

cat > /etc/sv/getty-2/finish << EOF
#!/bin/sh
exec utmpset -w tty2
EOF
chmod +x /etc/sv/getty-2/finish

ln -sv /etc/sv/getty-2 /service/getty-2

mkdir -p /etc/sv/getty-3

cat > /etc/sv/getty-3/run << EOF
#!/bin/sh
exec /sbin/agetty tty3 9600
EOF
chmod +x /etc/sv/getty-3/run

cat > /etc/sv/getty-3/finish << EOF
#!/bin/sh
exec utmpset -w tty3
EOF
chmod +x /etc/sv/getty-3/finish

ln -sv /etc/sv/getty-3 /service/getty-3

mkdir /etc/sv/svlogd

cat > /etc/sv/svlogd/run << EOF
#!/bin/sh
exec svlogd
EOF
chmod +x /etc/sv/svlogd/run

ln -sv /etc/sv/svlogd /service/svlogd

Perl
====

Perl is a high-level programming language.

     You may have to type exit twice during the configure phase of the Perl installation.

tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/perl-5.18.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/perl-5.18.1
sh Configure -ds -e -Dprefix=
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf perl-5.18.1
cd

OpenSSL
=======

OpenSSL is a toolkit implementing the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols as well as a cryptography library.

tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/openssl-1.0.1i.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/openssl-1.0.1i
./config \
    --prefix=/usr \
    --openssldir=/etc/ssl \
    shared
make -j1
# Install without the documentation:
make install_sw
cd ..
rm -rf openssl-1.0.1i
cd

Wpa_supplicant
==============

Wpa_supplicant is a user space IEEE 802.1X/WPA supplicant (wireless client) for many wireless drivers.

# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/wpa_supplicant-2.0.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/wpa_supplicant-2.0/wpa_supplicant

cat > .config << EOF
CONFIG_DRIVER_HOSTAP=y
CONFIG_DRIVER_WEXT=y
#CONFIG_DRIVER_NL80211=y
#CONFIG_DRIVER_WIRED=y

#CONFIG_PKCS12=y
#CONFIG_SMARTCARD=y

CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE=y

CONFIG_BACKEND=file
CONFIG_PEERKEY=y
#CONFIG_IEEE80211W=y

CONFIG_TLS=openssl

#CONFIG_IEEE80211N=y
EOF

sed -i.orig 's@local/@@g' Makefile
make
make install
cd ../..
rm -rf wpa_supplicant-2.0
cd

cat > /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf << EOF
network={
    ssid="MYESSID"
    key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
    pairwise=TKIP
    group=TKIP
    psk="MYPASSWORD"
}
EOF
chmod 600 /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf

Wireless_tools
==============

The Wireless Tools is a set of tools allowing to manipulate the Wireless Extensions.

# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/wireless_tools.29.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/wireless_tools.29
make
make PREFIX= install
cd ..
rm -rf wireless_tools.29
cd

Wget
====

GNU wget is an utility for downloading network data.

# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/wget-1.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/wget-1.14
sed -i.orig 's/item $thing/item C<$thing>/' doc/texi2pod.pl
./configure \
    --prefix= \
    --with-ssl=openssl
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf wget-1.14
cd

Libtasn1
========

GNU libtasn1 is a ASN.1 library.

tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libtasn1-3.4.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/libtasn1-3.4
./configure \
    --prefix=
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf libtasn1-3.4
cd

Lynx
====

Lynx is a text web browser.

tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/lynx2.8.8dev.16.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}/lynx2-8-8
./configure \
    --prefix= \
    --with-ssl=/lib \
    --enable-nls \
    --with-screen=ncursesw
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf lynx2-8-8

# Stop asking questions about certificates:
sed -i s/#FORCE_SSL_PROMPT:PROMPT/FORCE_SSL_PROMPT:yes/ \
    /etc/lynx.cfg

# Display non-ascii characters:
sed -i s/#CHARACTER_SET:iso-8859-1/CHARACTER_SET:utf-8/  \
    /etc/lynx.cfg

# I don't want cookies:
sed -i 's/#SET_COOKIES:TRUE/SET_COOKIES:FALSE/'  \
    /etc/lynx.cfg
sed -i 's/#ACCEPT_ALL_COOKIES:FALSE/ACCEPT_ALL_COOKIES:FALSE/'  \
    /etc/lynx.cfg
sed -i 's/#PERSISTENT_COOKIES:FALSE/PERSISTENT_COOKIES:FALSE/'  \
    /etc/lynx.cfg
cd

CA-Certificates
===============

CA-Certificates are used for https web pages.

# Inspired from
# http://linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/stable/postlfs/cacerts.html

cp ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/certdata.txt ${BUILD_DIR}
cd ${BUILD_DIR}

cat > /bin/make-cert.pl << 'EOF'
#!/bin/perl -w

# Used to generate PEM encoded files from Mozilla certdata.txt.
# Run as ./make-cert.pl > certificate.crt
#
# Parts of this script courtesy of RedHat (mkcabundle.pl)
#
# This script modified for use with single file data (tempfile.cer)
# extracted from certdata.txt, taken from the latest version in the
# Mozilla NSS source.
# mozilla/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt
#
# Authors: DJ Lucas
#          Bruce Dubbs
#
# Version 20120211

my $certdata = './tempfile.cer';

open( IN, "cat $certdata|" )
    || die "could not open $certdata";

my $incert = 0;

while ( <IN> )
{
    if ( /^CKA_VALUE MULTILINE_OCTAL/ )
    {
        $incert = 1;
        open( OUT, "|openssl x509 -text -inform DER -fingerprint" )
            || die "could not pipe to openssl x509";
    }

    elsif ( /^END/ && $incert )
    {
        close( OUT );
        $incert = 0;
        print "\n\n";
    }

    elsif ($incert)
    {
        my @bs = split( /\\/ );
        foreach my $b (@bs)
        {
            chomp $b;
            printf( OUT "%c", oct($b) ) unless $b eq '';
        }
    }
}
EOF

chmod +x /bin/make-cert.pl

cat > /bin/make-ca.sh << 'EOF'
#!/bin/sh
# Begin make-ca.sh
# Script to populate OpenSSL's CApath from a bundle of PEM formatted
# CAs
#
# The file certdata.txt must exist in the local directory
# Version number is obtained from the version of the data.
#
# Authors: DJ Lucas
#          Bruce Dubbs
#
# Version 20120211

certdata="certdata.txt"

if [ ! -r $certdata ]; then
  echo "$certdata must be in the local directory"
  exit 1
fi

REVISION=$(grep CVS_ID $certdata | cut -f4 -d'$')

if [ -z "${REVISION}" ]; then
  echo "$certfile has no 'Revision' in CVS_ID"
  exit 1
fi

VERSION=$(echo $REVISION | cut -f2 -d" ")

TEMPDIR=$(mktemp -d)
TRUSTATTRIBUTES="CKA_TRUST_SERVER_AUTH"
BUNDLE="BLFS-ca-bundle-${VERSION}.crt"
CONVERTSCRIPT="/bin/make-cert.pl"
SSLDIR="/etc/ssl"

mkdir "${TEMPDIR}/certs"

# Get a list of starting lines for each cert
CERTBEGINLIST=$(grep -n "^# Certificate" "${certdata}" | cut -d ":" -f1)

# Get a list of ending lines for each cert
CERTENDLIST=$(grep -n "^CKA_TRUST_STEP_UP_APPROVED" "${certdata}" \
    | cut -d ":" -f 1)

# Start a loop
for certbegin in ${CERTBEGINLIST}; do
  for certend in ${CERTENDLIST}; do
    if test "${certend}" -gt "${certbegin}"; then
      break
    fi
  done

  # Dump to a temp file with the name of the file as the beginning
  # line number
  sed -n "${certbegin},${certend}p" "${certdata}" \
      > "${TEMPDIR}/certs/${certbegin}.tmp"
done

unset CERTBEGINLIST CERTDATA CERTENDLIST certbegin certend

mkdir -p certs
rm -f certs/*      # Make sure the directory is clean

for tempfile in ${TEMPDIR}/certs/*.tmp; do
  # Make sure that the cert is trusted...
  grep "CKA_TRUST_SERVER_AUTH" "${tempfile}" | \
    egrep "TRUST_UNKNOWN|NOT_TRUSTED" > /dev/null

  if test "${?}" = "0"; then
    # Throw a meaningful error and remove the file
    cp "${tempfile}" tempfile.cer
    perl ${CONVERTSCRIPT} > tempfile.crt
    keyhash=$(openssl x509 -noout -in tempfile.crt -hash)
    echo "Certificate ${keyhash} is not trusted!  Removing..."
    rm -f tempfile.cer tempfile.crt "${tempfile}"
    continue
  fi

  # If execution made it to here in the loop, the temp cert is trusted
  # Find the cert data and generate a cert file for it

  cp "${tempfile}" tempfile.cer
  perl ${CONVERTSCRIPT} > tempfile.crt
  keyhash=$(openssl x509 -noout -in tempfile.crt -hash)
  mv tempfile.crt "certs/${keyhash}.pem"
  rm -f tempfile.cer "${tempfile}"
  echo "Created ${keyhash}.pem"
done

# Remove blacklisted files
# MD5 Collision Proof of Concept CA
if test -f certs/8f111d69.pem; then
  echo "Certificate 8f111d69 is not trusted!  Removing..."
  rm -f certs/8f111d69.pem
fi

# Finally, generate the bundle and clean up.
cat certs/*.pem >  ${BUNDLE}
rm -r "${TEMPDIR}"
EOF

chmod +x /bin/make-ca.sh

cat > /bin/remove-expired-certs.sh << 'EOF'
#!/bin/sh
# Begin /bin/remove-expired-certs.sh
#
# Version 20120211

# Make sure the date is parsed correctly on all systems
mydate()
{
  local y=$( echo $1 | cut -d" " -f4 )
  local M=$( echo $1 | cut -d" " -f1 )
  local d=$( echo $1 | cut -d" " -f2 )
  local m

  if [ ${d} -lt 10 ]; then d="0${d}"; fi

  case $M in
    Jan) m="01";;
    Feb) m="02";;
    Mar) m="03";;
    Apr) m="04";;
    May) m="05";;
    Jun) m="06";;
    Jul) m="07";;
    Aug) m="08";;
    Sep) m="09";;
    Oct) m="10";;
    Nov) m="11";;
    Dec) m="12";;
  esac

  certdate="${y}${m}${d}"
}

OPENSSL=/bin/openssl
DIR=/etc/ssl/certs

if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
  DIR="$1"
fi

certs=$( find ${DIR} -type f -name "*.pem" -o -name "*.crt" )
today=$( date +%Y%m%d )

for cert in $certs; do
  notafter=$( $OPENSSL x509 -enddate -in "${cert}" -noout )
  date=$( echo ${notafter} |  sed 's/^notAfter=//' )
  mydate "$date"

  if [ ${certdate} -lt ${today} ]; then
     echo "${cert} expired on ${certdate}! Removing..."
     rm -f "${cert}"
  fi
done
EOF

chmod +x /bin/remove-expired-certs.sh

make-ca.sh
remove-expired-certs.sh certs

install -d /etc/ssl/certs
cp -v certs/*.pem /etc/ssl/certs
c_rehash
install BLFS-ca-bundle*.crt /etc/ssl/ca-bundle.crt
ln -sfv ../ca-bundle.crt /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt

rm BLFS-ca-bundle*.crt
rm certdata.txt
rm -rf certs

cd

Archiving the Complete System
=============================

# Clean up:
rm /src/*
rm /root/*
rm /root/.bash*
rm -rf /share/doc
mv /share/man/man* /share
rm -rf /share/man/*
mv /share/man[1-8] /share/man

# Strip binaries
# n32: 114 MB before, 41 MB after
# 64:  139 MB before, 45 MB after
strip --strip-all /bin/*

# To be done outside gllfsc 1.7:
tar -cjf gllfsc-loongson3a-1.7-completed-n32.tar.bz2 \
    bin boot dev etc home include lib* local man mnt proc root run \
    sbin service share src sys tmp usr var

Add User
========

To create a new user, without root rights:

useradd -m USER

This will create a new user named USER, with group USER and user's home at /home/USER.

To give a password to this user:

passwd USER

You may want to change the color of this user's prompt:

cat > /home/USER/.bash_profile << EOF
export PS1='\[\e[32m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]$ '
EOF
chown USER:USER /home/USER/.bash_profile

Halting the Computer
====================

In order to halt the computer after this build process, type:

init.sysv 0

If you prefer to reboot instead type:

init.sysv 6

The next time you use GLLFSC, runit will be the default init system and you will have to type init 0 to halt the operating system and init 6 to reboot.

Further Readings
****************

On my personal website at http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/gllfsc.en.html, there is some information on how to extend GLLFSC, for instance instructions on how to build Xorg and programs on top of it.

Haiyong Sun's website (in Chinese): http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid/436750.html. It includes documents on building a GNU/Linux system for Loongson and a GNU/Hurd system for x86.

Cross [GNU/]Linux from scratch: http://www.clfs.org (PDF files may be downloaded from http://clfs.org/files/BOOK/). Includes a lot of documentation to build a GNU/Linux system by cross-compilation on a variety of hardware, no information (yet) for cross-compiling with sysroot on MIPS though. There is also a Community-driven Beyond [GNU/]Linux From Scratch on http://cblfs.clfs.org/index.php/Main_Page. It documents the building of Xorg and TeXLive among other things.

http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_man.txt documents an interesting way of managing packages. Quotation from the file:

     DESCRIPTION:

       * You want to know which packages your files belong to?

       * You want to deinstall software that doesn't have make uninstall?

       * You are bothered by programs installed setuid root behind your back?

       * You don't like packages quietly overwriting files from other packages?

       * You don't like package managers like RPM?

       * YOU WANT TOTAL CONTROL USING ONLY UNIX BUILTINS?

The suckless team (http://suckless.org) is a group of programmers that share the following philosophy (http://suckless.org/philosophy):

     Focus on simplicity, clarity and frugality. Our philosophy is about keeping things simple, minimal and usable. We believe this should become the mainstream philosophy in the IT sector. Unfortunately, the tendency for complex, error-prone and slow software seems to be prevalent in the present-day software industry. We intend to prove the opposite with our software projects.

The simple and lightweight programs released by this team are interesting for machines based on Loongson 3A processor as performance is limited compared to current x86 processors.

Thanks
******

I thank Lemote and particularily the CEO, Fuxin Zhang, for offering me a Yeeloong 8133, Huacai Chen and Haiyong Sun for their help in fixing the bugs I found in the deblobbed kernel.

I am particularily grateful to Haiyong Sun for having shared his knowledge on building a free operating system for Loongson 2F machines, this document is heavily based on this.

GNU Free Documentation License
******************************

     [file fdl-1.3.texi not included]

GNU General Public License
**************************

     [file gpl.texi not included]